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3703: Evaluation and Comparison of Grounding Test Equipment

This report evaluates and compares ground testing equipment for grid integrity testing, soil resistivity testing, and ground grid impedance testing. Theories and techniques are discussed to provide the necessary background information for each test. Equipment is evaluated based on research, test results, and expert experience. Members can use this report as an introductory guide for selecting suitable and cost effective ground testing equipment to fit their needs. Results from an industry survey

Oct 17, 2011 - Jul 1, 2014

Research

3734: Best Practices to Assess the Condition of Aged Grounding Systems

Grounding is an essential component of the bulk power supply system, as it ensures reliability as well as personnel and equipment safety. Weathering effects due to long service time in complex conditions combined with operational stress result in undue deterioration of grounding system components. Performance deficiency poses a great risk to system reliability and the safety of people. This report provides guidelines for assessing the condition of components of aged grounding systems, including

Sep 16, 2021 - Feb 19, 2024

Research

3729: Personal Protective Grounding Reference Guide (2022 Update)

Personal protective grounding practices can vary from one utility to the next. Practices could include terms such as grounding both sides, bracket grounding, equipotential bonding and single point grounding. The use of equipotential bonding is often plagued by inconsistencies and a lack of acceptance and may not be as practiced in Transmission as in Distribution work. Utility standard operating procedures may allow for more than one grounding method, such as: “Grounding between the work ar

Jan 21, 2021 - Sep 30, 2022

Research

3730: Determination of Transmission Tower Footing Resistance Target

This report investigates the rationale used by transmission utilities to determine tower footing resistance/impedance limits, the main criteria to be considered to establish these limits, when the limits can be modified, present-day technologies and tools for measuring tower footing resistance/impedance, and methods to improve the ground resistance/impedance of transmission line structures.Keywords:Transmission line, reliability, lightning, AC fault current, grounding

Aug 21, 2019 - Jun 19, 2024

Research

3733: Best Practices in Copper Theft Mitigation

Copper is a vital component for electrical power systems as utilities are heavily reliant on copper conductors given its impressive ductility, malleability, anti-corrosive, and conductive characteristics. However, the high scrap metal value of copper makes utility facilities and assets a likable target for copper thieves. Copper theft from electricity infrastructure not only threatens the reliability of the electric grid, significantly costing the utilities millions of dollars in repairing and f

Jun 14, 2021 - Sep 29, 2022

IPS

Research

3704: Grounding System Risk in Design, Construction and Testing a New Grounding System

This report summarizes the findings of a technical review of the processes and tools employed in the design, construction and testing of grounding systems. The objective is to identify potential sources of errors that can result in either overly pessimistic (non-optimal) designs or overly optimistic (with unsatisfactory performance) design of the grounding system, introducing unintended risk in achieving the safe grounding conditions in most cost efficient manner. This report identifies design s

Jul 1, 2012 - Jan 13, 2014

Research

3732: Guidelines for Grounding Stations and Lines in High Resistivity Earth Conditions

Low ground electrode resistance effectively dissipates fault currents into the earth. This reduces the ground potential rise (GPR) and, consequently, the touch and step potentials that a person may be subject to during normal and fault conditions. The resistance value depends primarily on the soil resistivity and the grounding grid’s area and depth. In practice, these parameters often have less than ideal values. For example, the grounding grid’s area may be limited, natural soil conditions may

Aug 21, 2019 - Feb 27, 2024

Research

3702: Soil Resistivity Testing

The design of a substation or line almost always includes resistivity testing, given that soil varies somuch between sites. Those who test resistivity tend to follow a routine procedure, even whendiversity is warranted. For example, a thick conductive layer over high resistivity bedrock requires aparticularly long distance between probes relative to the station length. Errors in resistivity data aredifficult to uncover and may become known only when commissioning the completed station.Especially

Nov 15, 2011 - Jun 1, 2013

Research

3379: New Material for Replacing Copper for Grounding in the Transmission System

Copper has been used by electric utilities from the beginning due to its outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity. One of the more common applications in power transmission has been the use of copper for grounding rods and wires as a critical safety component of any electrical piece of equipment, system, or structure. In such applications, it carries the current generated either from an equipment malfunction or lightning away safely, into the ground. Since copper continues to increase in

Jun 1, 2011 - Mar 5, 2012

OTD

Research

3724: Step and Touch Coordination during Substation Expansion

Properly designed substation grounding is intended to provide adequate safety and reliability to workers against unsafe potentials. Step and touch potential coordination depend on the permissible current by body weight, the fault clearing time, body resistance and earth resistance underfoot. Stressing potentials arise at many locations during normal operations, such as substation equipment cabinets that must be touched, disconnect switch operating handles and perimeter fence gates. During constr

Oct 13, 2017 - May 30, 2019

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